联考英语阅读理解专项突破论点与论据的判别方式
MBA\MPA\MPAcc联考英语考试中阅读理解部分中一种文章类型就是议论文，议论文的段落结构是往往是由论点（Claim）和论据（Support）构成的。论据的目的是解释说明支持论点的内容，令论点的内容详尽、具体、充实、生动。阅读文章时重点在论点，其次才是论据；先读论点再读论据；精读论点略读论据。因此区分论点和论据就成为解决阅读障碍，提高阅读速度的关键。
1.For example, one of, in particular, especially, case, typically 等举例做论据
举例说明是最普遍和最典型的论据方式，举例的目的就是支持解释说明论点。例如：全球化的影响波及世界各国，比如美国的次贷危机影响了欧洲的经济发展。显然“比如”后面的例子是具体的，是为了说明全球化影响的广泛。
【例1-1】
As a university student, I am in favor of the free-admission conduct. Some measures should be taken to solve the potential problems caused by it. For example, museums can make some regulations to guide the behavior of visitors or set some 'closed' days for museums for regular maintenance. Only in this way can free-admission to museums become a long-lasting phenomenon and have sustainable development.
【参考译文】
作为大学生，我偏爱免费入场的行为。但需要一些措施来解决其所产生的潜在问题。例如，博物馆制定规则来引导参观者的行为或设定一些闭馆日来保障博物馆的日常维护。只有通过这种方式博物馆免费参观才能成为持久的现象才可持续发展。
【解析】
第三句是第二句的具体解释说明，第二句是论点，for example引导的第三句是论据。博物馆制定规则和设定闭馆日都是第二句中提到的措施。引导参观者行为和保障日常维护是第二句中提到的潜在问题。因此第三句是对第二句的具体解释说明。
【例1-2】
Educational requirements differ from country to country. In almost every case of "cross-border" job hunting, just stating the title of your degree will not be an adequate description. Provide the reader with details about your studies and any related experience.
【参考译文】
教育要求在每个国家都不同。几乎在每个跨界找工作的例子中，只陈述你的学历是不够的。要向雇主提供你学习和相关经验的细节。
【解析】
跨界找工作对应第一句中的country to country。not be an adequate description对应第一句中的differ。因此第二句是对第一句的具体解释说明。
【例1-3】
These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify. In some cases, students may need to be recommended by their school or a teacher as part of the qualification process.
【参考译文】
这些学习奖学金通常能帮助学生支付学费，只要学生符合条件，这些奖学金每年都会更新。在一些情况下，学生在申请过程中需要由学校或老师推荐。
【解析】
证明学生符合条件对应第一句中的continue同qualify。因此第二句是对第一句的具体解释说明。
【例1-4】
In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.
【参考译文】
1996年美国民意测验表明道德沦丧是美国人所面临的最大问题。并且Elshtain指出公众这样认为是有道理的：数据显示美国人正在纠结于一些在20世纪50年代不存在的问题，例如：校园暴力和高比例的未婚先育。
【解析】
校园暴力和高比例的未婚先育是对问题的具体解释说明。
【真题对照】
2010年MBA\MPA\MPAcc联考英语真题
But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.
【参考译文】
但是就在1986年，陪审员选择程序也与这些民主理想有冲突。例如，在一些州只有那些假定高智商、受过教育和有道德的公民承担陪审员的职责。
【解析】
第二句的for example和in some states就是对第一句的解释说明。第二句中提到陪审员需要具备一定的素质，验证了第一句的观点：陪审员选择程序应该是民主的、具有普遍性的，但现实和理想是有冲突的。
2.核心概念重复做论据解释说明论点
论据往往会重复论点中的核心概念，具体解释说明论点中的概念。例如，“发展中国家的家庭人口数量比较大。印度平均家庭人口是七人”。第二句中提到了家庭人口重复第一句中的概念，因此第二句是第一句的解释说明。
【例1-5】
Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its sign now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs, LVs and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
【参考译文】
当然人们现在和以前一样对成功和成功的标志仍然感兴趣。度假房、欧洲旅行、宝马车、路易威登和其他名牌都在变化，但是这些东西现在和数十年前的需求一样。
【解析】
第二句中的“度假房、宝马车”等都是重复第一句中“成功和成功标志”，它们是成功标志的具体化或者从属于成功的标志。因此第二句是对第一句的具体解释说明。
【例1-6】
What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alaska Native Language Center, In Fairbanks.
【参考译文】
促使语言消亡的不只是说这种语言的人数而是他们的年纪。如果孩子说这些语言，语言相对是安全的。最危险的语言是那些只有被老人说的语言。
【解析】
第二句中的children和第三句中的elderly对应第一句中的how old they are, 第二句中的safe和第三句中的endangered对应第一句中的make a language endangered。第二句和第三句重复第一句中的核心概念，因此是对第一句的具体解释说明。
【例1-7】
Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammals, he and his team found larger brains are linked to greater playfulness. The converse was also found to be true.
【参考译文】
今年早期，加拿大Lethbridge大学的Sergio Pellis报告称一般来讲哺乳动物的大脑容量与它们的活跃程度高度相关。对比15对哺乳动物的测量结果，Sergio Pellis和他的团队发现大脑越大的动物越活跃。反之亦然。
【解析】
第二句中的 larger brains are linked to greater playfulness重复第一句中strong positive link between brain size and playfulness的核心概念，因此第二句是对第一句的具体解释说明。
【真题对照】
2011年MBA\MPA\MPAcc联考英语真题
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.
【参考译文】
席卷新闻界的漩涡伤害了每个人，但是多数伤害集中在报纸中缺少特色的版面。汽车和影评版面没有了，同样科学和商业报道版面也消失了，国际版被残忍地砍掉了。
【解析】
第二句中的Car and film reviewers， science and general business reporters和Foreign bureaus从属于第一句中的报纸版面。因此第二句是对第一句的具体解释说明。
3.出现具体的时间、地点、人名或机构名称做论据
我们经常用某个地区或时间，某个机构中所发生的事情来举例说明支持论点。例如：地震会造成极大的危害。2011年的日本大地震和1976年的唐山大地震都对当地社会经济造成巨大的破坏。
【例1-8】
But evidence from around world suggests that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the U.S.mass-transit ridership and carpooling（合伙用车）have declined since Second World War. Even in Western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $1 a liter and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel.
【参考译文】
但是全世界的证据表明在很大程度上很难促使人们放弃私家车。在美国，大众换乘和合伙用车自第二次世界大战以来开始减少。甚至在西欧汽油价格超过每升1美元，并且有方便的大众换乘人口密集区，私家车也占到出行方式的80%。
【解析】
第二句用in the U.S.第三句用in the Western Europe两个具体的地点举例说明第一句中人们如何难以放弃私家车。因此第一句是段落主旨，第二句和第三句是对第一句的解释说明。
【例1-9】
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
【参考译文】
过去10年，数以千计专利被授予那些所谓的商业模式。亚马逊因为其一键式在线支付方式得到一个专利。美林证券由于资产分配战略获得了商业保护。一个发明者为抬升箱子的技术而获得专利。
【例1-10】
Our national mythology(神话) is full of illustration of the American success story. There is Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became American's best-selling author with rags-to-rich tales.
【参考译文】
我们国家的神话充满了美国人成功故事的例证。本杰明·富兰克林，作为自学成才的典型，从低微出身成长为著名科学家、哲学家和政治家。19世纪，Horatio Alger为男孩子写幻想小说成为美国畅销书作者，演绎了从草根到富豪的神话。
【解析】
第二句的Benjamin Franklin和第三句的Horatio Alger对应第一句中的美国人，他们都成为名人对应了第一句中的成功故事。因此第二句和第三句是第一句的具体解释说明。
【真题对照】
2011年MBA\MPA\MPAcc联考英语真题
The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.
【参考译文】
“简约”趋势并不是那么陌生。在20世纪30年代Frank Lloyd Wright就开始建造比他在19世纪90年代和20世纪初所设计的较为流行的两层楼更为简约和节能的房子，通常这种房子只有1200平方英尺①。
【解析】
第二句中more modest and efficient对应第一句的less，第二句用“1930s”——具体时间所建造的简约节能的房子来支持第一句的论点。
4.以专业机构研究数据或统计数据做论据
我们经常用数据作为论据形式来支持自己的观点。例如，“小明比小张学习好。小明平均92分，小张平均83分。”数据是最直观、最容易判断的论据形式。
【例1-11】
But over any meaningful period, most people's incomes are increasing. From 1995 to 2004, inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent, to $43 200. People feel "squeezed" because their rising incomes often don't satisfy their rising wants-for bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Internet connections.
【例1-12】
The estimates of the numbers of home-schooled children vary widely. The U.S. Department of Education estimates there are 250 000 to 350 000 home-schooled children in the country. Home-school advocates put the number much higher-at about a million.
【例1-13】
Yet as odd as the Macdonald exchange was, barter is now big business on the Net. This year more than 400 000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10 billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites allow companies to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4,600 services, from math lessons to ironing.
【真题对照】
2010年MBA\MPA\MPAcc联考英语真题
In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector——for Chinese contemporary art——they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses, Sotheby's and Christie's, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.
5.引用专家的评价、专业机构或权威机构的研究报告等做论据
引用也是较为常见的论据形式，我们在小学的时候，老师就开始告诉我们要背诵名人名言用于写作。名人名言也就是引用权威的话来支持自己的论点。例如：年轻人是有活力的，毛主席说过年轻人是早上八九点钟的太阳。
引用某人的评价作为论据最明显的判别方式就是原文中出现引号。引用权威机构研究的标志是论据中会出现researcher，study，大写机构名等。
【例1-14】
Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed "biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors" as all playing their parts.
【参考译文】
多数研究者认为现实世界中的暴力的原因是复杂多样的。1993年美国国家科学院列举了“生物的、个性的、家庭的、同辈人的、学校的和社区因素”都起作用。
【解析】
美国国家科学院所列举的一系列因素就是证明第一句中现实世界中的暴力的原因是复杂多样的。因此第一句为论点，第二句为论据。
【例1-15】
But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently lost interest. Yests described the lack of fit between his mind and school: " Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts. I was difficult to teach." As noted earlier, gifted children of all kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists. Nonconformity and stubbornness are likely to lead to conflict with teachers.
【参考译文】
多数在学校表现糟糕的孩子不是因为他们缺少能力而是因为他们觉得学校缺乏挑战性，而逐渐失去了兴趣。Yeats描述了他自己的想法与学校教育的冲突：“因为我觉得学校没有任何事情能比我自己的想法更有趣。因此我非常难教。”如同前面所提到的，任何有天赋的孩子都是有强烈意愿的不服从者。不服从和固执很有可能导致他们与老师冲突。
【解析】
引用Yeats对学校教育的描述目的就是说明第一句中学生在学校表现差是因为学校教育缺乏挑战性。因此第一句为论点，第二句为论据。
【例1-16】
While here's on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you're able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldn't get the job done.
【参考译文】
尽管持续的压力对身体有害存在争议，但是很多研究表明具有挑战性的环境对身体有益。
在2001年对158名护士的研究中，这些面对极大的工作需求但是能克服挑战的护士更可能认为他们比那些感觉不能完成工作的人身体健康。
【解析】
2001年对护士的研究就是证明挑战性环境对身体有益。因此第一段为论点，第二段为论据。
【真题对照】
2009年MBA\MPA\MPAcc联考英语真题
Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen.“I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck, head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience", he says.
【参考译文】
挪威的股票交易公司，其他主要商业游说机构和很多商人反对这个法令。Sverre Munck说：“我非常反对将是男性还是女性作为原则的一部分。上市公司董事会成员的选择应该只以能力和经验为基础。”
【解析】
第二句中Sverre Munck所指出的 against对应第一句的oppose，而且Sverre Munck是international operations的主席，也就是第一句中的businessmen。因此他所说的话就是为了支持第一句的观点，因此第一句为论点，第二句为论据。
6.论据以讲故事的方式出现
通常我们讲故事的目的不是故事内容本身，而是故事所带来的启示。因此故事是论据，启示是论点。例如，龟兔赛跑的故事目的不是说慢的乌龟赢了快的兔子，而是说明谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
以故事作为论据最明显的标志就是故事要有主人公，因此故事中通常有大写的人名，或者以作者第一人称“I”为主语。
【例1-17】
Henric Ibsen, author of the play "A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved. From January 1st, 2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.
【参考译文】
Henric Ibsen的戏剧《玩偶之家》中那位漂亮而无助的家庭主妇抛弃丈夫和孩子，追求更严肃生活的做法肯定会得到大家赞同的。从2008年1月1日起，所有挪威上市公司必须保证40%以上的董事会成员为女性。多数企业不得不尊从2003年通过的法律。
【解析】
戏剧《玩偶之家》中描写的女性的经历是为了引出文章的论点，即女性在企业中的地位。联考阅读理解中很少考到记叙文，就是考记叙文也是要考故事的启示而非故事的内容。因此故事的目的是引出论点或解释说明论点。上面例子中的Henric Ibsen、play、housewife等都是故事的标志。
【例1-18】
Before becoming too gloomy, it is worth recalling why the car has been arguably the most successful and popular product of the whole of the past 100 years-and remains so. The story begins with the environmental improvement it brought in the 1900s. In New York city in 1900, according to the Car Culture，a 1975 book by J. Flink, a historian, horses deposited 2.5 million pounds of manure(粪)and 60,000 gallons of urine (尿) every day. Every year, the city authorities had to remove an average of 15 000 dead horses from the streets, It made cars smell of roses.
【参考译文】
在令人沮丧之前值得回忆的是汽车已经成为过去100年间最成功和最流行的产品并且将持续下去。故事开始于20世纪初汽车带来的环境改善。根据《汽车文化》杂志所记录的历史学家Flink1975年书中记载，1900年的纽约，马每天排放2 500万磅的粪和6万加仑的尿。市政府每天不得不从街道上处理1.5万具死马，这使得汽车闻起来像玫瑰花一样芬芳。
【解析】
第二句开始的故事叙述了纽约马车所造成的环境问题，同时指出汽车改变了这一切。故事的内容就是为了证明第一句汽车成为最成功和最流行的产品。因此第一句为论点，第二句开始的故事为论据。
【例1-19】
In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for $500. For his white slave master, the sale was just "business as usual." But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century.
【参考译文】
1854年我的曾祖父Morris Marable在佐治亚州的一次拍卖中卖了500美元。对于他的白人奴隶主而言，这只是平常的交易。但是对Morris Marable和他的后代而言，奴隶制度是对人权的一种犯罪。这种对美国黑人人权的侵犯在种族隔离制度下又存在了近一个世纪。
【解析】
第一句出现了故事的主人公Morris Marable，讲述其被拍卖的经历。在第三句转折之后作者提出奴隶制度。因此Morris Marable的故事是为了引出本文的论点，因此故事是论据。
【真题对照】
2010年MBA\MPA\MPAcc联考英语真题
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room — a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said“She's the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence.”
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
【参考译文】
我在弗吉尼亚州郊区的一间卧室中举行的小型聚会发言，一个妇女组织要求我参加。整个晚上一名男子滔滔不绝地阐述自己的观点，而他妻子则在沙发边上静静地坐着。在那晚结束前我指出女性经常抱怨她们的丈夫不与她们交谈。这个男子很快回应，用手指着妻子说我们家总是她发言。屋里突然充满笑声，男人看起来很疑惑、很受伤。他解释说就是这样，当我们下班回家我没有什么可说的，如果她不令交流继续我们整个晚上都会陷入沉默。
这一情节生动地再现了这样一个矛盾，尽管美国男性在公共场合更为健谈，但是他们通常在家中保持沉默。这种情况会使婚姻陷入困境。
【解析】
第一段作者用I第一人称讲述了自己亲历的一个故事，故事一直持续到第一段结尾。第二段开始作者提出故事所引出的论点，男性在家中很少与妻子交流会影响婚姻的。因此阅读的重点是第二段，第一段略读。
7.论据中以假设的方式出现if，when，as，imagine，think或者I，You，We等人称
作者用“如果……那么”的形式表示对未发生事件假设来支持论点。例如：饮酒驾车会被重罚，如果你饮酒驾车你就会被吊销驾照3个月。
【例1-20】
Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second. If FIFA , football's international rulling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball.
【参考译文】
当裁判以每秒2米的速度运动时会做出正确的判罚。而犯错误的平均速度是每秒4米。如果国际足联希望在下届世界杯中提高裁判的执法水平，就应该鼓励裁判从远距离观察运动员的移动，而不是去追着球。
【解析】
第一句和第二句是对比的写法，可以推理出裁判应该跑慢一些这样更能做出正确的判罚。第三句用if做假设，提出了裁判应该远距离观察而不是近距离去追球，也就是裁判要跑慢一些。因此第三句的假设是对第一、二句的具体解释说明，为论据。论点是第一句和第二句的推论。
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